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Commercially available oxygen optodes for oceanographic application were introduced by AADI in 2002.
The long-term stability (years) and reliability of these sensors have revolutionized oxygen measurements and several thousand are in use in applications ranging from streams to the deep sea, from fish farms to waste water, from polar ice to hydrothermal vents.
Below find examples of published scientific investigations in which AADI optodes have played a central role.
The basic technique of the AADI oxygen optode and an evaluation of its functioning in aquatic environments were presented in Tengberg et al (2006).
Other studies include use on autonomous Argo floats Joos et al (2003), Körtzinger et al (2004 and 2005), Johnson et al. (2010) and gliders (Nicholoson et al., 2008), long-term monitoring in coastal environments with high bio-fouling (Martini et al., 2007), on coastal buoys (Jannasch et al., 2008), on Ferry box systems (Hydes et al., 2009), on cabled CTD instruments for profiling down to 6000 m including suggestions for improved calibrations, pressure effect and compensation for slow response (Uchida et al., 2008) and in chemical sensor networks (Johnson et al., 2007).
Drazen et al. (2005) presented a novel technique to measure respiration rates of deep sea fish and Sommer et al (2008) described an automatic system to regulate oxygen levels and to measure sediment-water fluxes during in-situ sediment incubation at vent sites.
Also Pakhomova et al (2007) and Almroth et al. (2009) used the same type of optodes on autonomous landers to perform sediment-water incubations, with and without the introduction of sediment resuspension.
In Wesslander at al (2011) the dynamics and coupling of carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen was investigated in coastal Baltic Sea waters and McGillis et al (2011) described a novel method to assess the productivity of a coral reef using boundary layer and enclosure methods.
Literature cited
- Almroth E., A. Tengberg, H. Andersson, S. Pakhomova and P.O.J. Hall (2009) Effects of resuspension on benthic fluxes of oxygen, nutrients, dissolved inorganic carbon, iron and manganese in the Gulf of Finland, Baltic Sea. Continental Shelf Research, 29: 807-818.
- Drazen J. C., L. E. Bird and J. P. Barry (2005) Development of a hyperbaric trap-respirometer for the capture and maintenance of live deep-sea organisms. Limnology and Oceanography Methods 3: 488-498.
- Hydes D.J., M.C. Hartman, J. Kaiser and J.M. Campbell (2009) Measurement of dissolved oxygen using optodes in a FerryBox system. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 83: 485-490.
- Jannasch H.W., L. J. Coletti, K. S. Johnson, S. E. Fitzwater, J. A. Needoba and J. N. Plant (2008) The Land/Ocean Biogeochemical Observatory: A robust networked mooring system for continuously monitoring complex biogeochemical cycles in estuaries. Limnology and Oceanography Methods, 6: 263-273.
- Johnson K. S., S. C. Riser and D. M. Karl (2010) Nitrate supply from deep to near-surface waters of the North Pacific subtropical gyre. Nature, Letters, Volume 465, 24 June 2010: 1062-1065.
- Johnson K. S., J. A. Needoba, S. C. Riser and W. J. Showers (2007) Chemical Sensor Networks for the Aquatic Environment. Chemical Reviews, 107: 623-640.
- Joos F., G.-K. Plattner, T. F. Stocker, A. Körtzinger and D.W.R. Wallace (2003) Trends in Marine Dissolved Oxygen: Implications for Ocean Circulation Changes and the Carbon Budget. EOS, 84, No. 21, 27, 197-201.
- Körtzinger, A., J. Schimanski, and U. Send (2005) High-quality oxygen measurements from profiling floats: A promising new technique. J. Atmos. Ocean. Techn., 22: 302-308.
- Körtzinger, A., J. Schimanski, U. Send, and D.W.R. Wallace (2004). The ocean takes a deep breath. Science, 306: 1337.
- Martini M., B. Butman and M. Mickelson (2007) Long-Term Performance of Aanderaa Optodes and Sea-Bird SBE-43 Dissolved-Oxygen Sensors Bottom Mounted at 32 m in Massachusetts Bay. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 24: 1924-1935.
- McGillis W. R., C. Langdon, B. Loose, K. K. Yates and Jorge Corredor (2011) Productivity of a coral reef using boundary layer and enclosure methods. Geophysical Research Letters, Volume 38: L03611.
- Nicholson D., S. Emerson and C. C. Eriksen (2008) Net community production in the deep euphotic zone of the subtropical North Pacific gyre from glider surveys. Limnology and Oceanography, 53: 2226–2236.
- Pakhomova S., P.O.J. Hall, A. Tengberg, A. Rozanov and A. Vershinin (2007) Fluxes of Iron and Manganese across the sediment-water interface under various redox conditions. Marine Chemistry, 107: 319-331
- Sommer S., M. Türk, S. Kriwanek and O. Pfannkuche (2008) Gas exchange system for extended in situ benthic chamber flux measurements under controlled oxygen conditions: First application—Sea bed methane emission measurements at Captain Arutyunov mud volcano. Limnology and Oceanography Methods 6: 23-33.
- Tengberg A., J. Hovdenes, J. H. Andersson, O. Brocandel, R. Diaz, D. Hebert, T. Arnerich, C. Huber, A. Körtzinger, A. Khripounoff, F. Rey, C. Rönning, S. Sommer and A. Stangelmayer (2006).Evaluation of a life time based optode to measure oxygen in aquatic systems. Limnology and Oceanography, Methods, 4: 7-17.
- Uchida H., T. Kawano, I. Kaneko and M. Fukasawa (2008) In-situ calibration of optode-based oxygen sensors. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 25: 2271-2281.
- Wesslander K., P. Hall, S. Hjalmarsson, D. Lefevre, A. Omstedt, A. Rutgersson, E. Sahlée and A. Tengberg (2011) Observed carbon dioxide and oxygen dynamics in a Baltic Sea coastal region. Journal of Marine Systems 86: 1–9.
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